8/29/2023 0 Comments Orange and tangerine![]() Citrus fruits-among them the bitter orange-were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the Emirate of Sicily, but the sweet orange was unknown until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area. In Europe, the Moors introduced the orange to the Iberian Peninsula, which was known as Al-Andalus, with large-scale cultivation starting in the 10th century, as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in Chinese literature dates from 314 BC. Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents. All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this prototype cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation. Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange are approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin. Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a BC1 pomelo backcross, that was the maternal parent of the first orange. The sweet orange is not a wild fruit, having arisen in domestication from a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component. Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines by Zhao Lingrang, Chinese fan painting from the Song dynasty ( NPM) In 2019, 79 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 22% of the total, followed by China and India. As of 2012, sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. ![]() As of 1987, orange trees were found to be the most cultivated fruit tree in the world. The orange originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India, and Myanmar, and the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in Chinese literature in 314 BC. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced. The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. ![]() The orange is a hybrid between pomelo ( Citrus maxima) and mandarin ( Citrus reticulata). The sweet orange reproduces asexually ( apomixis through nucellar embryony) varieties of the sweet orange arise through mutations. An orange is a fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae (see list of plants known as orange) it primarily refers to Citrus × sinensis, which is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related Citrus × aurantium, referred to as bitter orange.
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